List of political ideologies
In social studies, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. The popularity of an ideology is in part due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology which supports that economic system. The same term may also be used to refer to multiple ideologies and that is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. While the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are distinct from Marxism–Leninism.[1]
Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. civil libertarianism and support or opposition to European integration), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. There are several studies that show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7]
The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into a number of groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically and ideologically related to each other. As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.
Anarchism
- Political internationals
- Anarkismo (platformism and specifism)
- International of Anarchist Federations (synthesis anarchism)
- International Confederation of Labor (anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism)
- International Union of Anarchists (anarcho-communism)
- International Workers' Association (anarcho-syndicalism)
Classical
Post-classical
- Anarcha-feminism
- Anarchism without adjectives
- Anarcho-pacifism
- Green anarchism
- Insurrectionary anarchism
- Makhaevism
- Platformism
Contemporary
- Anarcho-transhumanism
- Black anarchism
- Free-market anarchism
- Post-anarchism
- Post-colonial anarchism
- Post-left anarchism
- Queer anarchism
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Italy
- Monaco
- Poland
- Romania
- Russia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Oceanian
Authoritarianism
General
- Absolute monarchism
- Autocracy
- Despotism
- Dictatorship
- Imperialism
- Kraterocracy
- Managerial state
- Ochlocracy
- Oligarchy
- One-party state
- Plutocracy
- Police state
- Soft authoritarianism
- Soft despotism
- Totalitarianism
- Transnational authoritarianism
Other
- Anti-democratism
- Authoritarian capitalism
- Authoritarian Communism
- Authoritarian conservatism
- Authoritarian democracy
- Authoritarian populism
- Authoritarian socialism
- Byzantinism
- Digital authoritarianism
- Ecoauthoritarianism
- Liberal autocracy
- Minoritarianism
- Neo-feudalism
- Far-Right Ultranationalist Authoritarianism
-
Fascism
Eagle holding a Roman weapon, the fasces. This symbol was commonly used in Fascist Italy, and indeed, by many fascists today.
-
- Tyranny of the majority
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
- Argentina
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Chile
- Cuba
- Dominican Republic
- Guatemala
- Haiti
- Honduras
- Mexico
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay
- United States
- Venezuela
Asian
- Afghanistan
- Cambodia
- China
- Indonesia
- Iraq
- Iran
- Japan
- Kazakhstan
- Myanmar
- North Korea
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- Saudi Arabia
- South Korea
- Syria
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- United Arab Emirates
- Uzbekistan
European
Christian democracy
- Political internationals
- Centrist Democrat International (Christian democracy)
- Christian Democrat Organization of America (Christian democracy)
General
Other
- Christian corporatism
- Christian democratic welfarism
- Christian egalitarianism
- Communitarianism
- Ordoliberalism
- Progressive conservatism
- Social conservatism
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
- Albania
- Austria
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Georgia
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Ireland
- Italy
- Kosovo
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Malta
- Moldova
- Netherlands
- North Macedonia
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Oceanian
Communitarianism
General
- Christian democracy
- Communitarian corporatism
- Radical centrism
- Third Way
- Distributism
- Mutualism
- Democratic confederalism
Other
- Anarcho-capitalist communitarianism
- Christian socialism
- Pre-Marxist communism
- Primitive communism
- Religious communism
- Utopian socialism
- Eurasianism
Regional variants
Communism
- Political internationals
- Committee for a Workers' International (Trotskyism)
- Committee for Revolutionary International Regroupment (Trotskyism)
- Coordinating Committee for the Refoundation of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Fourth International (ICR) (Trotskyism)
- Fourth International (post-reunification) (Trotskyism)
- Fourth International Posadist (Trotskyism)
- International Bolshevik Tendency (Trotskyism)
- International Committee of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- International Communist Current (left communism)
- International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist) (Trotskyism)
- International Communist Party (left communism)
- International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (International Newsletter) (Maoism)
- International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle) (Hoxhaism)
- International Coordination of Revolutionary Parties and Organizations (anti-revisionism)
- International League of Peoples' Struggle (Marxism–Leninism–Maoism)
- International Marxist Tendency (orthodox Trotskyism)
- International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties (Marxism–Leninism)
- International Socialist Alternative (Trotskyism)
- International Socialist Tendency (neo-Trotskyism)
- International Workers League – Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- International Workers' Unity – Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Internationalist Communist Tendency (left communism)
- Internationalist Communist Union (Trotskyism)
- League for the Fifth International (Trotskyism)
- League for the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Liaison Committee for the Reconstruction of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- Revolutionary Communist International (Trotskyism)
- Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- United Secretariat of the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
- World Socialist Movement (anti-Leninism, classical Marxism, impossibilism and international socialism)
- Workers International to Rebuild the Fourth International (Trotskyism)
Authoritarian
- Barracks communism
- Blanquism
- Leninism
- Democratic centralism
- Marxism–Leninism
- Brezhnevism
- Castroism
- Ceaușism
- Dubčekism
- Gorbachevism
- Guevarism
- Ho Chi Minh Thought
- Hoxhaism
- Husakism
- Juche
- Kadarism
- Khrushchevism
- Maoism
- Marxist–Leninist atheism
- Scientific communism
- Stalinism
- Titoism
- Trotskyism
- Vanguardism
- War communism
- Nechayevism
- Tkachevism
Libertarian
- Anarcho-communism
- Communard movement
- Marxism
Other
- Agrarian communism
- Centrist Marxism
- Eco-communism
- Eurocommunism
- International communism
- Marxist democracy
- National communism
- Nihilist communism
- Primitive communism
- Pre-Marxist communism
- Queer communism
- World communism
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
- Afghanistan
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Cambodia
- China
- India
- Georgia
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Israel
- Japan
- Kazakhstan
- Korea
- Kurdistan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Laos
- Mongolia
- Nepal
- Palestine
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- Soviet Union
- Tajikistan
- Thailand
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Uzbekistan
- Vietnam
- Yemen
European
- Albania
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Belarus
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czechoslovakia
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Yugoslavia
Oceanian
Conservatism
- Political internationals
Traditional
- Authoritarian conservatism
- Civic conservatism
- Classical conservatism
- Cultural conservatism
- National conservatism
- Neoconservatism
- Paternalistic conservatism
- Monarchism
- Paleoconservatism
- Social conservatism
- Theoconservatism
Reactionary
- Alt-right movement
- Irredentism
- Neo-feudalism
- Neo-reactionary movement
- Reactionary modernism
- Reactionary populism
Other
- Alt-lite movement
- Anti-environmentalism
- Anti-immigration movement
- Anti-unionism
- Bioconservatism
- Black conservatism
- Centrism
- Conservative corporatism
- Conservative populism
- Fiscal conservatism
- Fusionism
- Green conservatism
- LGBT conservatism
- Liberal conservatism
- Libertarian conservatism
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
- Ancient Rome
- Belgium
- Denmark
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Conservatism in Italy
- Luxembourg
- Poland
- Golden Liberty
- Sarmantism
- Modern conservatism
- Golden Liberty
- Norway
- Russia
- Serbia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
Oceanian
Corporatism
General
- Absolutist corporatism
- Communitarian corporatism
- Conservative corporatism
- Economic corporatism
- Fascist corporatism
- Kinship corporatism
- Liberal corporatism
- National corporatism
- Neo-corporatism
- Neo-liberalism
- Progressive corporatism
- Social corporatism
- Solidar corporatism
- State corporatism
- Tory corporatism
Other
- Consociationalism
- Cooperativism
- Corporate feudalism
- Corporate welfarism
- Guild socialism
- Guildism
- Managerialism
- Mutualist movement
- National syndicalism
- Neo-feudalism
Religious variants
Regional variants
Democracy
- Political internationals
General
- Associative democracy
- Bioregional democracy
- Bourgeois democracy
- Cellular democracy
- Conservative democracy
- Constitutional democracy
- Cosmopolitan democracy
- Defensive democracy
- Economic democracy
- E-democracy
- Ethnic democracy
- Guided democracy
- Liquid democracy
- Market democracy
- Media democracy
- Multiparty democracy
- Non-partisan democracy
- Participatory democracy
- Pluralist democracy
- Procedural democracy
- Proletarian democracy
- Racial democracy
- Radical democracy
- Representative democracy
- Republican democracy
- Revolutionary democracy
- Sectarian democracy
- Semi-democracy
- Semi-direct democracy
- Social democracy
- Socialist democracy
- Sovereign democracy
- Substantive democracy
- Tory democracy
Other
- Demarchism
- Democratic capitalism
- Democratic centralism
- Democratic confederalism
- Democratic globalization
- Democratic republicanism
- Democratic socialism
- Democratic transhumanism
- Majoritarianism
- Producerism
- Sortitionism
Direct democracy movements
- Anticipatory democracy
- Anti-corruption movements
- Anti-establishmentarianism
- Anti-particracy movements
- Cellular democracy
- Collaborative governance
- Consensus democracy
- Copyright reform movements
- Council democracy
- Cyber-utopianism
- Deliberative democracy
- Delegative democracy
- Dynamic governance
- E-democracy
- Economic democracy
- Empowered democracy
- Grassroots democracy
- Inclusive Democracy
- Localism
- Marxist democracy
- Net neutrality movements
- Open-source governance
- Pirate politics
- Popular democracy
- Producerism
- Semi-direct democracy
Pirate politics
|
Pirate politics
|
|
|---|---|
|
|
| Ideology | Anti-corruption Civil libertarianism Civil rights Direct democracy E-democracy Participatory democracy Social liberalism |
- Anti-copyright movement
- Anti-corruption movement
- Civil rights movement
- Civil libertarianism
- Direct democracy
- Free speech movement
- Information privacy movement
- Net neutrality movement
- Free and open-source software
- Big tent
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
Asian
American
European
Oceanian
Environmentalism
- Political internationals
- Friends of the Earth (environmentalism)
- Global Greens (green politics)
- World Ecological Parties (bright green environmentalism)
Bright green environmentalism
Deep green environmentalism
- Anti-consumerism
- Anti-globalization movement
- Anti-nuclear movement
- Bioregionalism
- Ecoauthoritarianism
- Ecocentrism
- Eco-fascism
- Green anarchism
- Neo-Luddism
- Radical environmentalism
Light green environmentalism
Other
Opposition
Religious variants
- Christian environmentalism
- Islamic environmentalism
- Jewish environmentalism
- Maori environmentalism
- Spiritual ecology
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Fascism and Nazism
General
- Classical fascism
- Crypto-fascism
- Eco-fascism
- Gay fascism
- Neo-fascism
- Para-fascism
- Post-fascism
- Proto-fascism
- Techno-fascism
- Tropical fascism
Other
- Alt-right movement
- Aryanism
- Conservative revolutionary movement
- Corporate statism
- Far-right terrorism
- Fasci movement
- Fascist corporatism
- Fascist mysticism
- Fascist syndicalism
- Feudal fascism
- Holocaust denialism
- Identitarian movement
- National populism
- Nazism
- Neo-Nazism
- Nouvelle Droite
- Palingenetic ultranationalism
- Racial nationalism
- Reactionary modernism
- Revolutionary nationalism
- Right-wing authoritarianism
- Supremacism
- Syncretism
- Third Position
- Ultranationalism
Opposition
By country
- During and before World War II
- Post-World War II
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
- Albania
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Belarus
- Croatia
- Czech Republic
- Czechoslovakia
- Denmark
- Estonia
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Yugoslavia
Oceanian
Identity politics
- Political internationals
- International Council of Women (feminism)
- Minority Rights Group International (minority rights)
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (indigenous rights and self-determination)
- Abolitionism
- Animal egalitarianism
- Animal protectionism
- Animal rights movement
- Animal liberation movement
- Animal welfarism
Feminism
General
- Analytical feminism
- Anarcha-feminism
- Care-focused feminism
- Conservative feminism
- Cultural feminism
- Cyberfeminism
- Difference feminism
- Eco-feminism
- Equality feminism
- Gender feminism
- Individualist feminism
- Intersectional feminism
- Labor feminism
- Lesbian feminism
- Liberal feminism
- Lipstick feminism
- Material feminism
- Maternal feminism
- Post-modern feminism
- Pro-feminism
- Radical feminism
- Separatist feminism
- Sex-positive feminism
- Social feminism
- Socialist feminism
- Standpoint feminism
- State feminism
- Transfeminism
Opposition
Chronological variants
- Proto-feminism
- First-wave feminism
- Second-wave feminism
- Third-wave feminism
- Fourth-wave feminism
- Post-feminism
Ethnic and social variants
- Black feminism
- Chicana feminism
- Dalit feminism
- French feminism
- Indigenous feminism
- Kurdish feminism
- Post-colonial feminism
- White feminism
Religious variants
- Atheist feminism
- Buddhist feminism
- Christian feminism
- Hindu feminism
- Islamic feminism
- Jewish feminism
- Mormon feminism
- Neopagan feminism
- Sikh feminism
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
- Bangladesh
- China
- Hong Kong
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Japan
- Lebanon
- Malaysia
- Nepal
- Northern Cyprus
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- South Korea
- Syria
- Taiwan
- Thailand
- Turkey
- Vietnam
European
- Albania
- Denmark
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Ireland
- Italy
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Russia
- Sweden
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Oceanian
LGBT social movements
- Gay liberation
- Gay pride
- Gay socialism
- Homonationalism
- LGBT conservatism
- LGBT rights opposition
- Pink capitalism
- Queer anarchism
- Queer ecology
- Queer nationalism
- Queer socialism
- Transfeminism
Men's movement
- Anti-feminism
- Fathers' rights movement
- Intactivism
- Incelism
- Masculism
- Meninism
- Mythopoetic men's movement
- Pro-feminism
Self-determination movements
African-American
- African-American self-determination movement
- Black anarchism
- Black capitalism
- Black feminism
- Black power
- Pan-Africanism
Indigenous peoples
- Australian Aborigines self-determination movement
- First Nations self-determination movement
- Greenlandic independence movement
- Indigenous self-determination movement
- Māori self-determination movement
- Native American self-determination movement
- Pan-Indianism
Latin American
Separatist and supremacist movements
Ethnic
- Afrocentrism
- Anglo-Saxonism
- Apartheidism
- Antisemitism
- Arab supremacism
- Auto-segregationism
- Eurocentrism
- Indocentrism
- Institutional racism
- Manifest destiny
- Nordicism
- Racialism
- Racial segregationism
- Racial separatism
- Racial supremacism
- Racism
- Scientific racism
- Secessionism
- Sinocentrism
Black
White
Regional variants
African
American
- Latin America
- North America
Asian
European
Oceania
Gender
Religious variants
Student movements
General
Regional variants
Liberalism
- Political internationals
General
- Agonistic liberalism
- Classical liberalism
- Conservative liberalism
- Constitutional liberalism
- Cultural liberalism
- Democratic liberalism
- Economic liberalism
- Green liberalism
- Muscular liberalism
- National liberalism
- Neoclassical liberalism
- Neo-liberalism
- Ordoliberalism
- Secular liberalism
- Social liberalism
- Technoliberalism
Other
- Liberal centrism
- Liberal constitutionalism
- Liberal egalitarianism
- Liberal autocracy
- Liberal conservatism
- Liberal corporatism
- Liberal democracy
- Liberal feminism
- Liberal internationalism
- Liberal progressivism
- Liberal socialism
- Liberal transhumanism
- Liberal welfarism
- Liberal radicalism
- Liberal republicanism
- Whiggism
Opposition
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
- Albania
- Armenia
- Austria
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech lands
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Oceanian
Libertarianism
- Political internationals
- Alliance of the Libertarian Left (left-libertarianism)
- Center for a Stateless Society (left-libertarianism)
- International Alliance of Libertarian Parties (right-libertarianism)
- International of Anarchist Federations (anarchism)
- International Union for Land Value Taxation (geoism)
- Liberty International (right-libertarianism)
Left-libertarianism
- Classical liberal radicalism
- Eco-socialism
- Free-market anarchism
- Free-market anti-capitalism
- Geolibertarianism
- Green anarchism
- Individualist anarchism
- Libertarian communism
- Libertarian Marxism
- Libertarian socialism
- Mutualism
- Social anarchism
- Steiner–Vallentyne school
Right-libertarianism
- Anarcho-capitalism
- Austro-libertarianism
- Chicagoanism
- Conservative libertarianism
- Fiscal conservatism
- Free-marketism
- Fusionism
- Neo-liberalism
- Paleolibertarianism
- Propertarianism
Other
- Autarchism
- Civil libertarianism
- Consequentialist libertarianism
- Constitutionalism
- Laissez-faire
- Libertarian conservatism
- Libertarian feminism
- Libertarian paternalism
- Libertarian transhumanism
- Minarchism
- Natural-rights libertarianism
- Neoclassical liberalism
- Panarchism
- Radicalism
- Voluntaryism
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
European
Oceanian
Nationalism
- Political internationals
- International Conference of Asian Political Parties (pan-Asianism and regionalism)
- The Movement (neo-nationalism and right-wing populism)
- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (nationalism and self-determination)
General
- Bourgeois nationalism
- Civic nationalism
- Cultural nationalism
- Diaspora nationalism
- Eco-nationalism
- Economic nationalism
- Ethnic nationalism
- Expansionist nationalism
- Homonationalism
- Integral nationalism
- Left-wing nationalism
- Liberal nationalism
- Liberation nationalism
- Pan-nationalism
- Post-colonial nationalism
- Queer nationalism
- Radical nationalism
- Revolutionary nationalism
- Right-wing nationalism
- Romantic nationalism
- Socialist nationalism
- Territorial nationalism
- Ultranationalism
Other
- Anti-imperialism
- Chauvinism
- Communitarianism
- Euroscepticism
- Nashism
- National-anarchism
- National Bolshevism
- National capitalism
- National communism
- National conservatism
- National liberalism
- National mysticism
- National populism
- National socialism
- National syndicalism
- Nativism
- Patriotism
- Sovereignism
Opposition
Religious variants
- Christian nationalism
- Hindu nationalism
- Muslim nationalism
- Religious Zionism
- Sikh nationalism
- Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
- Arab
- Assyria
- Azerbaijan
- Cambodia
- China
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Israel
- Japan
- Karen
- Korean
- Kurdistan
- Malaysia
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- Sri Lanka
- Turkey
- Vietnam
European
- Albania
- Armenia
- Austria
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Czechoslovakia
- Estonia
- Faroe Islands
- Finland
- France
- Georgia
- Germany
- Golus
- Greek
- Hungary
- Ireland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Moldova
- Norway
- Poland
- National Democracy
- National radicalism
- Polish Messianism
- Silesia
- Zadrugism
- Romania
- Russia
- Spain
- Ukaraine
- United Kingdom
- Yugoslavia
Oceanian
Unification movements
- Continentalism
- Eurasianism
- Hui pan-nationalism
- Indigenism
- Multiculturalism
- Neo-Sovietism
- Pan-Africanism
- Pan-Albanianism
- Pan-Americanism
- Pan-Arabism
- Pan-Asianism
- Pan-Celticism
- Pan-Europeanism
- Pan-Germanism
- Pan-Hellenism
- Pan-Hispanism
- Pan-Iberism
- Pan-Iranism
- Pan-Irishism
- Pan-Islamism
- Pan-Latin Americanism
- Pan-Latinism
- Pan-Mongolism
- Pan-Scandinavianism
- Pan-Slavism
- Pan-Somalism
- Pan-Turanism
- Pan-Turkism
- Postnationalism
- Regionalism
Populism
- Political internationals
- Foro de São Paulo (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, social democracy and socialism of the 21st century)
- The Movement (neo-nationalism and right-wing populism)
- Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)
General
- Conservative populism
- Economic populism
- Liberal populism
- Reactionary populism
- Social populism
- Socialist populism
- Techno-populism
Left-wing populism
- Agrarian socialism
- Anti-austerity movement
- Anti-corporate movement
- Anti-globalization movement
- Anti-nuclear movement
- Copyright reform movement
- Communism
- Marxism
- Red Army Faction
- Autonomism
- Globalism
- Cyber-utopianism
- Economic democracy
- Economic progressivism
- Egalitarianism
- Labour movement
- Left-wing nationalism
- Net neutrality movement
- Occupy movement
- Open-source-software movement
- Participism
- Peace movement
- Radical democracy
- Social democratic populism
- Socialist populism
Right-wing populism
- Market populism
- National conservatism
- National populism
- Nativism
- Neo-nationalism
- Neo-reactionary movement
- Paleoconservatism
- Penal populism
- Right-wing nationalism
- Reactionary populism
- Third Position
- Trumpism
- Völkisch movement
Other
Regional variants
African
Asian
American
European
- Ancient Rome
- Austria
- Belarus
- Belgium
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czech Republic
- Denmark
- Estonia
- European Union
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Italy
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Liechtenstein
- Lithuania
- Luxembourg
- Nederlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- San Marino
- Serbia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
Oceanian
Progressivism
- Political internationals
- Progressive Alliance (progressivism and social democracy)
- Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)
General
Other
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
Religio-political ideologies
- Political internationals
- Centrist Democrat International (Christian democracy)
- Hizb ut-Tahrir (Islamism)
- Humanist International (humanism)
- Muslim Brotherhood (Islamism)
General
- Anti-Masonry
- Antisemitism
- Clericalism
- Complementarianism
- Confessionalism
- Divine right of kings
- Feminist theology
- Freemasonry
- Humanism
- Messianism
- Political religion
- Postcolonial theology
- Religious anarchism
- Religious anti-Zionism
- Religious apoliticism
- Religious communism
- Religious egalitarianism
- Religious environmentalism
- Religious liberalism
- Religious nationalism
- Religious pacifism
- Religious socialism
- Religious terrorism
- Secularism
- Spiritual left
- State religion
Political atheism and agnosticism
Political Buddhism
Political Christianity
- Caesaropapism
- Christian antisemitism
- Christian democracy
- Christian egalitarianism
- Christian environmentalism
- Christian feminism
- Christian humanism
- Christianism
- Christian left
- Christian pacifism
- Christian right
- Distributism
- Jesuism
- Political Catholicism
- Ultramontanism
Political Confucianism
Political Hinduism
Political indigenous religions
Political Islam
- Gülen movement
- Islamic anarchism
- Islamic antisemitism
- Islamic democracy
- Islamic environmentalism
- Islamic egalitarianism
- Islamic feminism
- Islamism
- Islamic liberalism
- Islamic Modernism
- Islamic monarchism
- Islamic nationalism
- Islamic pacifism
- Islamic republicanism
- Islamic socialism
- Khilafat movement
- Khomeinism
- Pan-Islamism
Political Judaism
- Cultural Zionism
- Jewish anarchism
- Jewish anti-Zionism
- Jewish Autonomism
- Jewish democracy
- Jewish egalitarianism
- Jewish environmentalism
- Jewish feminism
- Jewish fundamentalism
- Jewish humanism
- Jewish left
- Jewish secularism
- Kibbutzim
- Zionism
Political Mormonism
Political Neopaganism
Political Shinto
Political Sikhism
Satirical and anti-politics
General
Other
Religious variants
Regional variants
Social democracy
- Political internationals
- Foro de São Paulo (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, social democracy and socialism of the 21st century)
- Progressive Alliance (progressivism and social democracy)
- Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)
- Socialist International (democratic socialism and social democracy)
General
Other
- Social democratic corporatism
- Social democratic populism
- Social democratic Shachtmanism
- Social democratic transhumanism
- Social democratic welfarism
- Third Way
Opposition
Regional variants
African
American
Asian
- Bangladesh
- China
- Hong Kong
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Israel
- Japan
- Korea
- Kurdistan
- Myanmar
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- Syria
European
- Andorra
- Bulgaria
- Cyprus
- Denmark
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Italy
- Moldova
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovakia
- Spain
- Sweden
- United Kingdom
Oceanian
Socialism
- Political internationals
- Foro de São Paulo (democratic socialism, left-wing populism and socialism of the 21st century)
- Progressive International (democratic socialism, left-wing populism, progressivism and social democracy)
- Socialist International (democratic socialism and social democracy)
- World Socialist Movement (anti-Leninism, classical Marxism, impossibilism and international socialism)
General
Authoritarian
- Arab socialism
- African socialism
- Barracks socialism
- Blanquism
- Leninism
- Democratic centralism
- Marxism–Leninism
- Trotskyism
- Vanguardism
- War socialism
- Nechayevism
- Tkachevism
Libertarian
- Anarchism
- Communard movement
- Communalism
- Communism
- Left-libertarianism
- Marxism
- Syndicalism
- Third camp socialism
Other
- Agrarian socialism
- Centrist Marxism
- Communitarianism
- Copyleft
- Eco-socialism
- Economic egalitarianism
- Economic progressivism
- Ethical socialism
- Guild socialism
- International socialism
- Kibbutz movement
- Labourism
- Liberal socialism
- Market socialism
- Marxist democracy
- Municipal socialism
- Queer socialism
- Proto-socialism
- Radicalism
- Scientific socialism
- Social egalitarianism
- Social democracy
- Socialism of the 21st century
- Socialist feminism
- Socialist nationalism
- Socialist populism
- Utopian socialism
- World socialism
Opposition
Religious variants
Regional variants
African
- Angola
- Benin
- Congo
- Egypt
- Eritrea
- Ethiopia
- Ghana
- Guinea
- Kenya
- Libya
- Madagascar
- Mali
- Mozambique
- Senegal
- Somalia
- South Africa
- Tanzania
- Tunisia
- Zanzibar
American
Asian
- Afghanistan
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Bangladesh
- Bukharan
- Cambodia
- China
- Georgia
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Israel
- Japan
- Kazakhstan
- Kyrgyzstan
- Korea
- Kurdistan
- Laos
- Mongolia
- Myanmar
- Nepal
- Pakistan
- Palestine
- Pakistan
- Philippines
- Syria
- Tajikistan
- Turkey
- Turkmenistan
- Uzbekistan
- Vietnam
- Yemen
European
- Albania
- Andorra
- Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Bulgaria
- Byelarus
- Croatia
- Cyprus
- Czechoslovakia
- Denmark
- Estonia
- Finland
- France
- Germany
- Greece
- Hungary
- Iceland
- Ireland
- Italy
- Latvia
- Lithuania
- Macedonia
- Moldova
- Montenegro
- Netherlands
- Norway
- Poland
- Portugal
- Romania
- Social Democratic Party
- Russia
- Serbia
- Slovenia
- Spain
- Sweden
- Ukraine
- United Kingdom
- Yugoslavia
Oceanian
Syndicalism
- Political internationals
- International Confederation of Labor (anarcho-syndicalism and revolutionary syndicalism)
- International Workers' Association (anarcho-syndicalism)
General
Other
- Council communism
- Democratic socialism
- Guild socialism
- Libertarian socialism
- National syndicalism
- Social anarchism
- Social democracy
- Orthodox Marxism
- Utopian socialism
Opposition
Regional variants
Transhumanist politics
- Political internationals
General
Other
- Anti-aging movement
- Extropianism
- Post-genderism
- Singularitarianism
- Technogaianism
- Techno-progressivism
Regional variants
See also
References
- ^ Roberts, Andrew (2004). The State of Socialism: A Note on Terminology. Cambridge University Press. 63 (2). 349–366.
- ^ D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
- ^ Bouchard, T. J.; McGue, M. (2003). "Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences". Journal of Neurobiology. 54 (1). 44–45.
- ^ Eaves, L. J.; Eysenck, H. J. (1974). "Genetics and the development of social attitudes". Nature. 249, 288–289.
- ^ Hatemi, P. K.; Medland, S. E.; Morley, K. I.; Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics. 37 (3). 435–448.
- ^ Hatemi, P. K.; Hibbing, J.; Alford, J.; Martin, N.; Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 584–600.
- ^ Settle, J. E.; Dawes, C. T.; Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 601–613.
External links
- "Useful notes on political ideologies". TV Tropes. Retrieved 19 November 2019.